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The review articles in this special issue include: Clostridial disease of small ruminants; Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats; Brucella melitensis infection in sheep: present and future; ...
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The review articles in this special issue include: Clostridial disease of small ruminants; Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats; Brucella melitensis infection in sheep: present and future; Recent advances onovine chlamydial abortion; Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats:recent advances; Orf; Border disease of sheep and goats; Maedi-visna virus infection in sheep: a review; and Ovine cytokines andtheir role in the immune response.
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Nine pestiviruses isolated from different batches of a contaminated Tunisian sheep pox vaccine and one Tunisian field ovine isolate of border disease virus (BDV) were studied at the antigenic and molecular levels. Seroneutralizati...
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Nine pestiviruses isolated from different batches of a contaminated Tunisian sheep pox vaccine and one Tunisian field ovine isolate of border disease virus (BDV) were studied at the antigenic and molecular levels. Seroneutralization tests were carried out on three vaccine isolates, the Tunisian field isolate and representative reference strains of the different pestivirus groups. The antigenic study showed that the Tunisian isolates were closer to the two BDV reference strains than to the Alfort-187 and the NADL reference strains. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-non coding regions of all the Tunisian isolates to those of other pestiviruses have shown that these isolates were distinct from the established pestivirus species. The entire N(pro)-E2 coding sequences of four Tunisian isolates were determined and compared to other pestiviruses. Segregation of these pestiviruses based on the N(pro)-E2 region was identical to that obtained with the 5'UTR sequences. The phylogenetic tree obtained with these sequences showed that the Tunisian isolates formed a separate branch between the BDV and CSFV groups, and consequently a possible new species within the pestivirus genus. However, as indicated by the antigenic study and the host origin of the isolates, the Tunisian isolates were assigned to a novel subgroup within the BDV species.
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To measure the cytokine gene expression in C. pseudotuberculosis lesions, nineteen 9-month-old sheep, in 3 groups of 5 or 6, were inoculated with either 2 attenuated strains (Tox- or PLD-t) or a wild-type (WT) strain of C. pseudot...
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To measure the cytokine gene expression in C. pseudotuberculosis lesions, nineteen 9-month-old sheep, in 3 groups of 5 or 6, were inoculated with either 2 attenuated strains (Tox- or PLD-t) or a wild-type (WT) strain of C. pseudotuberculosis and were examined PM, 7 or 28 days after inoculation. Two control sheep were inoculated with 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline and were similarly examined. The Tox- strain showed reduced virulence as assessed by the absence of disseminating lesions in the lymphnodes draining the inoculation site. The PLD-t strain showed an intermediate reduction in virulence. The 2 attenuated strains, however, induced similar levels of antibodies and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production as the WT strain. The expression ofinflammatory cytokines, as indicated by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR technique, was higher in the inoculation site and expression of T-cell-associated cytokines was more intense in the draining lymph node. The infected sheep produced high levels of cytokines in at least one organ 7 or 28 days after infection. There were no significant differences in cytokine gene expression between sheep infected with strains of differing virulence. Higher cytokine expression was measured in sheep with pyogranulomas in the draining lymph nodes as compared to those without. It is concluded that the attenuation of virulence in Tox- and PLD-t strains of C. pseudotuberculosis was confirmed and that phospholipase D (absent or altered in the attenuated strains) is important indisseminating the bacteria from the inoculation site to the draining lymph nodes. It is suggested that pathogenesis of ovine caseous lymphadenitis is associated with production of cytokines at the pyogranuloma level.
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A new RT-PCR test was developed for the diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) infection. Used in parallel with an experimental infection test, the RT-PCR test was less fastidious and allowed the detection of latent CBPV ...
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A new RT-PCR test was developed for the diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) infection. Used in parallel with an experimental infection test, the RT-PCR test was less fastidious and allowed the detection of latent CBPV infection in colonies. The new test is based on the fact that clinical CBPV infections (but not latent infections) yield a high viral antigen load that can be easily revealed using the agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. The combination of the AGID and the RT-PCR tests allowed us to characterise the CBPV status of hives from various apiaries in France as non infected, latently infected or clinically infected. The RT-PCR test proved highly sensitive for detecting inapparent infections. It may be a useful tool for studying the epidemiology of the disease. [References: 36]
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Measuring the psychological well-being of people with physical impairments could provide relevant information to occupational therapists. The aim of this study was to verify psychometric properties of a psychological well-being te...
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Measuring the psychological well-being of people with physical impairments could provide relevant information to occupational therapists. The aim of this study was to verify psychometric properties of a psychological well-being test called Test de personnalite PER (PER). This test was administered to two samples of people with physical impairments. Two time measurements were collected within a group of 36 individuals and one single measure within another group of 79 individuals. Comparisons between time measurements, between groups and with the normative group of the PER were performed in an attempt to verify the sensitivity, the capacity to discriminate between known groups, and the construct validity of the PER. One section of the Sickness Impact Profile measuring psychological well-being was administered to the same groups to verify the concurrent criterion validity of the PER. The results indicate that the PER has sufficient psychometric qualities.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether large arteries in subjects with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV (EDS IV) exhibit altered morphological and functional characteristics that might indicate the risk of complication...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether large arteries in subjects with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV (EDS IV) exhibit altered morphological and functional characteristics that might indicate the risk of complications. Subjects with EDS IV, an inherited disorder of type III collagen, have a significant lifetime risk of arterial rupture. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the aorta and carotid artery was used to measure diameter, wall thickness, pulse propagation velocity, and spin-spin relaxation time constant (T (2)) of the artery walls. These measurements were made and compared by a two-sided t-test in 17 subjects with EDS IV and in eight age and gender matched sibling controls. Additionally, Spearman correlation was computed between measurements and the average longevity of affected relatives. Comparing controls to 15 subjects with no known prior aortic complications, we found no differences in the diameters of the descending thoracic and abdominal aortas, but did find ascending aortadilatation in two subjects (13%). We also found a trend in EDS IV subjects toward higher wall thicknesses after normalizing by body surface area for both the abdominal aorta (P = 0.05) and the common carotid artery (P = 0.07). Finally, we found a significant negative correlation (R = -0.82, P = 0.02) between age-adjusted pulse propagation velocity and familial longevity. In conclusion, preliminary evidence suggests that elevated pulse propagation velocity, which indicates reduced vessel distensibility, may be a risk factor for complications of EDS IV. Ascending aorta dilatation and increased vessel wall thickness were also found in subjects with EDS IV and represent potential risk factors for future study.
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OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between impaired awareness of deficits (IAD) and treatment adherence and to verify previous findings regarding the types of disabilities that people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) tend to unde...
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OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between impaired awareness of deficits (IAD) and treatment adherence and to verify previous findings regarding the types of disabilities that people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) tend to underestimate. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four persons with moderate to severe TBI and 16 persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) admitted to an inpatient neurorehabilitation program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: IAD assessed using the short version of the Problem Checklist of the Head Injury Family Interview and treatment adherence using the Medical Regimen Adherence Scale. RESULTS: Presence of IAD is linked with poor adherence. Patients with TBI significantly underestimate their emotional/behavioural and cognitive disabilities, but accurately assess their physical disabilities, whereas patients with SCI accurately assess all spheres. Patients with TBI are significantly less aware of their disabilities compared with the patients with SCI as expected. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm IAD's link to treatment adherence, and support the observation that IAD is a common clinical feature of brain injury that should be carefully considered when making prognoses and developing and applying interventions with this population.
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The aim of this study was to examine the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection status of oocytes, cumulus cells, and follicular fluid taken from 140 ewes from breeding flocks. MVV proviral-DNA and MVV RNA were detected using nested-PC...
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The aim of this study was to examine the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection status of oocytes, cumulus cells, and follicular fluid taken from 140 ewes from breeding flocks. MVV proviral-DNA and MVV RNA were detected using nested-PCR and RT-PCR MVV gene amplification, respectively in the gag gene. Nested-PCR analysis for MVV proviral-DNA was positive in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 37.1% (52/140) of ewes and in 44.6% (125/280) of ovarian cortex samples. The examination of samples taken from ovarian follicles demonstrated that 8/280 batches of cumulus cells contained MVV proviral-DNA, whereas none of the 280 batches of oocytes taken from the same ovaries and whose cumulus cells has been removed, was found to be PCR positive. This was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis showing no MVV-viral RNA detection in all batches of oocytes without cumulus cells (0/280) and follicular fluid samples taken from the last 88 ovaries (0/88). The purity of the oocyte fraction and the efficacy of cumulus cell removal from oocytes was proved by absence of granulosa cell-specific mRNA in all batches of oocytes lacking the cumulus cells, using RT-PCR. This is the first demonstration that ewe cumulus cells harbor MVV genome and despite being in contact with these infected-cumulus cells, the oocytes and follicular fluid remain free from infection. In addition, the enzymatic and mechanical procedures we used to remove infected-cumulus cells surrounding the oocytes, are effective to generate MVV free-oocytes from MVV-infected ewes.
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Six groups of lactating ewes were inoculated by intramammary route with 4 asymptomatic Mycoplasma strains. Of 4 strains, 2 were fully virulent as were strains isolated from diseased animals, and the other 2 induced somewhat less s...
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Six groups of lactating ewes were inoculated by intramammary route with 4 asymptomatic Mycoplasma strains. Of 4 strains, 2 were fully virulent as were strains isolated from diseased animals, and the other 2 induced somewhat less severe clinical symptoms. Other parameters, in particular the level of excretion in milk and the level of infection of regional lymph nodes following PM examination were similar for all strains. Mean antibody response was also comparable between the apparently asymptomaticand virulent strains, in spite of great individual variability. This observation shows that flocks without any clinical signs from which M. agalactiae is isolated in bulk milk, must be kept under strict control since Mycoplasma may induce severe outbreaks later with changing conditions of breeding.
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